Hadoop Adoption

True to its iconic logo, Hadoop is still very much the elephant in the room. Many organizations heard of it, yet relatively few can say they have a firm grasp on what the technology can do for their business, and even fewer have actually implemented it successfully at their organization.

Forrester Research predicted that Hadoop will become a cornerstone of the business technology agenda at most organizations.

Scalability, affordability, and flexibility make Hadoop uniquely suited to change the big data scene. An open-source software framework, Hadoop allows for the processing of big data sets across clusters on commodity hardware either on-premises or in the cloud.

At roughly one-thirtieth the cost of traditional data storage and processing, Hadoop makes it realistic and cost effective to analyze all data instead of just a data sample. Its open-source architecture enables data scientists and developers to build on top of it to form customized connectors or integrations.

Typically, data analysis requires some level of data preparation, such as data cleansing and eliminating errors, outside of traditional data warehouses. Once the data is prepared, it is transferred to a high-performance analytics tool, such as a Teradata data warehouse. With data stored in Hadoop, however, users can see "instant ROI" by moving the data workloads off of Teradata and running analytics right where the data resides.

Other use of Hadoop is for live archiving. Instead of backing up data and storing it in a data recovery system, such as Iron Mountain, users can store everything in Hadoop and easily pull it up whenever necessary.

The greatest power of Hadoop lies in its ability to house and process data that couldn't be analyzed in the past due to its volume and unstructured form. Hadoop can parse emails and other unstructured feedback to reveal similar insight.

The sheer volume of data that businesses can store on Hadoop changes the level of analytics and insight that users can expect. Because it allows users to analyze all data and not just a segment or sample, the results can better anticipate customer engagement. Hadoop is surpassing model analytics that can describe certain patterns and is now delivering full data set analytics that can predict future behavior.

There are few challenges.

Hadoop's ability to process massive amounts of data, for example, is both a blessing and a curse. Because it's designed to handle large data loads relatively quickly, the system runs in batch mode, meaning it processes massive amounts of data at once, rather than looking at smaller segments in real time. As a result, the system often forces users to choose between quantity and quality. At this point in Hadoop's life cycle, the focus is more on enormous data size than high-performance analytics.

Because of the large size of the data sets fed into Hadoop, the number-crunching doesn't take place in real time. This is problematic because as the time between when you input the data and the time at which you have to make a decision based on that data grows, the effectiveness of that data decreases.

The biggest problem of all is that Hadoop's seeming boundlessness instills a proclivity for data exploration in those who use it. Relying on Hadoop to deliver all the answers without asking the right questions is inefficient.

As companies begin to recognize Hadoop's potential, demand is increasing, and vendors are actively developing solutions that promise to painlessly transfer data onto Hadoop, improve its processing performance, and operationalize data to make it more business-ready.

Big data integration vendor Talend, for example, offers solutions that help organizations transition their data onto Hadoop in high volume. The company works with more than 800 connectors that link up to other data systems and warehouses to "pull data out, put it into Hadoop, and transform it into a shape that you can run analytics on.

While solutions such as those offered by Talend make the Hadoop migration more manageable for companies, vendors such as MapR tackle the batch-processing lag. MapR developed a solution that enhances the Hadoop data platform to make it behave like enterprise storage. It enables Hadoop to be accessed as easily as network-attached storage is accessed through the network file system; this means faster data management and system administration without having to move any data.

Veteran data solution vendors such as Oracle are innovating as well, developing platforms that make Hadoop easier to use and to incorporate into existing data infrastructures. Its latest updates revolved around allowing users to store and analyze structured and unstructured data together and giving users a set of tools to visualize data and find data patterns or problems.

RapidMiner's approach to Hadoop has been to simplify it, eliminate the need for end users to code, and do for Hadoop analytics what Wordpress did for Web site building. Once usable insights are collected, RapidMiner can connect the data platform to a marketing automation system or other digital experience management system to deploy campaigns or make changes based on data predictions.

Moving forward, analysts predict that leveraging Hadoop's potential will become a more attainable goal for companies. Because it's open-source, the possibilities are vast. Hadoop's ability to connect openly to other systems and solutions will increase adoption in the coming months and years.

Oracle Knowledge Management

As customer expectations rise, delivering personalized experiences that improve customer loyalty, increase customer acquisition and optimize efficiency is increasingly more challenging to achieve. It is very important to engage customers in their preferred channel and to minimize the overall effort of that engagement.

A key to minimizing the customer effort is to deploy a knowledge management platform that crosses all channels, presents accurate content from multiple sources, maintains, relevance, and captures feedback for continuous improvement. Oracle Knowledge is a complete knowledge management solution which provides personalized cross-channel service and support.

Knowledge Platform

Oracle Knowledge Platform is an integrated set of knowledge management capabilities including advanced natural language processing, search, flexible authoring and publishing, rich analytics, customizable self-service, and agent facing knowledge applications. Oracle Knowledge is built on a highly scalable J2EE architecture and on Oracle technologies including WebLogic, Oracle Data Integrator, and Oracle Business Intelligence.

Semantic Search

The Oracle Knowledge semantic search capabilities are built on the fundamental understanding of language. Core language dictionaries are available in 20 languages understanding everyday terminology. In addition, multilingual industry dictionaries are available for major industries including high tech, telecommunications, insurance, finance and automotive.

This core understanding of a user’s language is key to finding precise answers from multiple external sources including the knowledge base, web sites, file systems and other internal knowledge repositories. The most recent release of Oracle Knowledge continues to build on this foundation with widely expanded language and geography coverage, significantly increased performance and reduced footprint with faster search response times, faster content processing performance, and a reduced semantic index size, as well as learning-based search ranking for reduced incident handling time. These improved features deliver increased productivity and lower operation costs.

Authoring, Publishing, and Workflow

Oracle Knowledge is designed to help companies to develop a knowledge base as an integral part of a user’s job. Contact center agents and customers create content as a by-product of solving support issues using a powerful, web-based, WYSIWYG rich text editor. Product experts and contact center agents can collaborate with other users and customers to refine or expand the knowledge base.

Advanced editing capability such as global find and replace and replacement tokens improve the article accuracy while lowering operation and knowledge administration costs. Oracle Knowledge comes with valuable tools to manage the life-cycle of articles. Customers can create their own article templates and metadata. The software tracks all revisions of the articles and provides detailed history. Articles may be routed for approval through the use of a workflow. Providing users with the ability to attach files to forum posts allows them to provide additional information to explain their issues. These capabilities improve self-service rates, while expanding the knowledge base and the user community.

The user interface of the authoring system is available in 24 languages, but content can be created in nearly any language. Oracle Knowledge allows customers to manage the relationship of an article across different locales and languages, while providing authors with the ability to develop locale-specific content and metadata allowing fine-tuning of the customer experience.

Analytics

Analytics Dashboards are tailored to functional roles across the service organization. They harness the optimal value of company stakeholders by providing relevant insights at a glance to reduce operational costs, increase employee productivity, and strengthen customer relationships. With the configurable custom KPI wizard for creating KPI with thresholds and triggers, organizations can increase the efficiency of authoring content, increase answer relevancy, and improve the overall insight of knowledge activity.

InfoCenter: Self-Service Knowledge

InfoCenter provides a Knowledge portal for customers and employees with integrated browse and search functionality via a customizable user interface and knowledge widgets. InfoCenter surfaces the power of industry-based libraries, knowledge federation abilities, and natural language processing abilities of the platform to deliver true, intent-based best possible answer to customers. It transforms the self-service experience for customers by providing contextual, and relevant answers to their questions.

iConnect: Agent Knowledge

iConnect provides robust and scalable answer-delivery framework aiding the agent-facing service delivery model. The context-driven user interface simplifies and enhances the user experience and is tuned for increased performance. iConnect is available as an out-of-the box integration into Oracle Service, and Oracle Service Cloud. Open APIs allow for integration into most industry standard CRM applications.

AnswerFlow: Guided Knowledge

AnswerFlow provides consistent service resolution for agents and customers with the prescriptive delivery of knowledge. AnswerFlow combines decision trees with external data that leverages and increases the strategic value of Knowledge Platform across self and assisted service customer interaction channels. AnswerFlow enables to create and deploy automated interactive processes that guide users toward appropriate answers or solutions in cases where:

• answers are conditional, and can vary based on factors such as account status, location, or specific product or model;
• diagnosis is complex, and identifying the best response among many possible answers involves asking detailed questions and eliminating alternatives.

Galaxy Consulting has over 16 years experience in many knowledge base applications. We can help you to deploy Oracle Knowledge Management. Contact us today for a free consultation!

Use Knowledge Management to Increase CRM Value

Today's post focuses on how knowledge management adds an essential layer of value to customer facing systems, which ultimately drives improved customer experiences.

Two sweeping trends have emerged in recent years: the proliferation of customer channels and the resulting explosion in the amount of data produced. 

Customer relationship management has done a great job of providing a strong framework for these multi-channel interactions. Knowledge management (KM) has done an equally remarkable job by providing the brains behind the increasingly diverse network of customer contact points.

With the explosion of data from many different types of sources in the past several years, the tight integration of KM and CRM systems has become even more essential to offering customers and the agents who serve them the concise and timely information they need.

KM and CRM have a long history of ultimately serving the same goals of quickly and efficiently providing customers with information, whether it is through Web self-service, a call center agent, kiosk or mobile application.

CRM and KM Synergy

CRM applications are systems of record that manage customer data. Knowledge Management (KM) systems, in the context of customer engagement, enable businesses to systematically capture knowledge from subject matter experts within the enterprise, and social knowledge from online communities, social networks, partners, etc. for use by customer-facing organizations and end-customers.

When integrated, KM helps expand the business value of CRM, delivering transformational benefits in enhanced customer experiences, contact center productivity, and improved customer acquisition, among other things. KM systems are also able to leverage existing content management systems by adding a layer of findability and know-how for content-enabled process automation.

How it Works

There are many use cases of how CRM and KM work in tandem to deliver business value. A common one is in the customer contact center where knowledge solution is often used in conjunction with CRM.

When customers call, agents use a CRM to open a case, enter the problem description, and click on a “solve” button. This, in turn, invokes a resolution path, for example, a set of search paths to find the right answer or next steps. Agents get to the resolution using the path of their choice, “accept” the resolution, communicate it to the customer, and close the case. The interaction, including the path to the answer and the knowledge base article that was used to solve the problem or sell a product, is recorded in both the CRM and KM systems.

Business Value

Many companies worldwide leverage the combined power of knowledge and CRM to drive business value. Adopting best practices can help make the business case, implement knowledge, and manage it for sustained business value. Here are some examples:

• Premier home appliance manufacturer: $50M in savings by eliminating unwarranted truck rolls through knowledge-powered resolution processes in the contact center and website.
• Semiconductor giant: 59% increase in web self-service adoption, 30% increase in First Contact Resolution.
• Global knowledge and legal services solutions provider: 70% deflection of calls and emails through knowledge-powered self-service, 30% reduction in content authoring time.
• Leading telco provider: 42% reduction in unwarranted handset returns through knowledge-powered resolution process in the contact center.
• Global bank: 88% reduction in agent training time and 70% increase in productivity through knowledge-powered account opening process in small business sector.

Quantify Value

Assessing expected and realized ROI before and after the deployment would help you to justify the initial investment as well as continuous improvement of the CRM - KM solution. Make sure the ROI metrics you use are aligned with business objectives. For instance, if your main business goal is to increase sales, reduction in average handle time will be a conflicting metric. As you assess ROI, keep in mind that KM delivers ROI across a broad range of business problems. Some examples are:

• deflection of requests for agent-assisted service through effective self-service;
• increase in first contact resolution and sales conversion;
• reduction in escalations, transfers, repeat calls, and average handle times;
• reduction in training time, unwarranted product returns, field visits, and staff wage premiums.

Start with Depth

Unfocused deployments almost always result in a shallow knowledge base that is full of gaps. If agents and customers can’t find answers, or receive inadequate or wrong information, they simply stop using the system. Focus first on depth rather than breadth. Start with common questions on common products or lines of business and expand out over time.

Knowledge-Centered Support (KCS)

Best practice frameworks have emerged over time in knowledge management. For example, the Knowledge-Centered Support (KCS) framework is a comprehensive methodology that helps to improve speed of resolution, optimize resources, and foster organizational learning. Adopting frameworks like KCS is a win-win-win for customers, contact center agents, and the organization alike. Implement the best practices in knowledge-centered customer support.

Maximize Findability

Users prefer different ways of searching for information, just as drivers prefer different ways of reaching their destination. A GPS-style approach with multiple options to find information dramatically improves knowledge base adoption. For example, new agents may find it difficult to wade through hundreds of keyword search results, but might fare better if they are guided through a step-by-step dialog, powered by technologies like Case-Based Reasoning (CBR).

Multiple search options such as FAQ, keyword and natural language search, topic-tree browsing, and guided help enable a broad range of users to quickly and easily find information. Make sure you leverage a unified multi-channel knowledge platform for consistent answers across customer touchpoints.

Implementing these best practices, while making sure that the KM and CRM solutions are tightly integrated, will help you deliver transformational customer service experience while generating breakthrough value for the business!

Galaxy Consulting has 16 years experience in this area. We can help you to integrate your knowledge base with your CRM. Contact us today for a free consultation!

Data and Knowledge

Our view of data often doesn't extend further than numbers. When you think about it, data means a percentage, a total, or something to which those numbers are attached. Furthermore, we want to act on those numbers with familiar math.

We don't act on data, we act on information, and we only act on information when it creates knowledge in our minds that enables us to make informed decisions. We might call this customer insight, but in the reality it is - data, information, and knowledge.

Too often, we lose the sight of the need to add together multiple data points to arrive at information that creates useful knowledge. It leads us to think that managing data is an end goal, when the primary objective should be asking how we can make something valuable out of it.

Knowledge is a property of a human mind, so you might consider it information in motion. Knowledge is what makes people to complete their work. A person's name is data, and information might include additional data like job title and company, while knowledge is information extended by understanding the person's objectives for the year ahead. We sometimes interchange these terms.

The role of customer service in organizations has probably never been as important or as difficult as it is now. Competition has spread globally, product life cycles have been reduced, and customization has become more common. The end result is that products and services have become quite complex, and, in response, firms have generated mountains of documents outlining how their products operate as well as policies and procedures detailing how to support them. Companies are trying to consolidate that information and present relevant data to users on an as-needed basis.

The idea of managing knowledge is both vital and perplexing. It is perplexing because knowledge has always been something that we make out of information. How does one manage knowledge in any systematic way? Knowledge management is the grouping of tools, technologies, and processes that constantly and consistently make the right information available to decision-makers.

When it comes to data, organizations continue to struggle with two conflicting goals. On one hand, they want to collect and consolidate information to streamline their operations. On the other hand, data repositories often sprout up in an ad hoc fashion, so it becomes difficult, and in some cases impossible to make sense of an organization's millions and even billions of records.

To solve this problem, organizations first have to uncover the whereabouts of all of their data, which usually is scattered randomly throughout the organization. Next they need to determine how to integrate their various information sources. Finally, they have to find funding for the project. If the integration is achieved, which could be a multi-year process in large enterprises, the potential benefits are great: streamlined operations, lower service costs, and improved customer satisfaction.

Galaxy Consulting has 16 years experience solving this problem. We have helped many organization to organize their knowledge and thus increase their efficiency and productivity, improve compliance, and save cost. We can do the same for you. Contact us today for a free, no obligation consultation!

Analytics for Big Data

Companies are just now beginning to harness the power of big data for the purposes of information security and fraud prevention.

Only 50% of companies currently use some form of analytics for fraud prevention, forensics, and network traffic analysis.

Less than 20% of companies use big data analytics to identify information, predict hardware failures, ensure data integrity, or check data classification, despite the fact that by doing so, companies are able to improve their balance of risk versus reward and be in a better position to predict potential risks and incidents.

Banks, insurance, and other financial institutions use big data analytics to support their core businesses. Large volumes of transactions are analyzed to detect fraudulent transactions and money laundering. These, in turn, are built into profiles that further enhance the analysis. Some insurance companies, for example, share and analyze insurance claims data to detect patterns that can point to the same fraudulent activities against multiple companies. Healthcare is another area in which data analysis can be used for information security.

Big data can arise from internal and external sources, spanning social media, blogs, video, GPS logs, mobile devices, email, voice, and network data. It's estimated that 90% of the data in the world today has been created in the past two years, and some 2.5 million terabytes of data are created every day.

Although many companies already use data warehousing, visualization, and other forms of analytics to tap into this high-volume data, using that data to prevent future attacks or breaches remains relatively uncharted territory. This is changing and will continue to do so as security increasingly moves from being a technical to a business issue.

To balance the business benefits of big data analytics with the cost of storage, organizations need to regularly review the data they are collecting, determine why and for how long they need it, and where and how they should store it.

The Human Element of the Big Data Equation

Because data volumes grow considerably every day, deciphering all the information requires both technology and people-driven processes. People often find patterns that a computer can pass over. Some other steps organizations can take to analyze big data for information security purposes include the following:

• Identify the business issue;
• construct a hypothesis to be tested;
• select the relevant data sources and provide subject matter expertise about them;
• determine the analyses to be performed;
• interpret the results.

Most companies struggle to find value from their customer analytics efforts. Lack of data management, integration, and quality are the biggest inhibitors to making better use of customer analytics. 54% of surveyed companies have difficulty managing and integrating data from the many varied sources, while 50% are concerned about consistent data quality.

Companies also struggle with assembling the right type of analytics professionals, communicating the results of the analysis to relevant colleagues, performing real-time analytics and making insights available during customer interactions, protecting data and addressing privacy concerns, and keeping pace with the velocity of data generation.

While key drivers of adoption include increasing customer satisfaction, retention, and loyalty, analytics use skews largely toward acquisition of new customers. 90% of surveyed companies use analytics for this purpose.

Other factors driving the use of analytics include reacting to competitive pressures, reducing marketing budgets, and addressing regulatory issues.

The use of predictive analytics as a growing trend, with 40% of organizations use it. 70% have been using descriptive analytics and business intelligence reporting for more than 10 years.

Organizations that have already mastered basic analytics methodologies and gained efficiencies in aggregate analysis are now looking to adopt advanced ways to do real-time, future-looking analysis.

Additionally, companies would like to start using social data as a viable source of customer analytics. This was cited as a long-term goal by 17% of the companies in the survey.

Organizations should look beyond social media for unstructured data. While many marketers have embraced social media as an effective way to engage customers, from an analytics standpoint, they have only scratched the surface in how other data sources, such as call center data and voice-of-the-customer data, can feed traditional customer analytics processes.

Analytics can also be used to improve customer engagements. Customer engagement features at the bottom of the list of metrics. This is a missed opportunity for customer analytics practitioners to gain deeper insight into how individual customers interact with content, offers, and messaging across various touchpoints.

Customer analytics practitioners do a number of things right, including focusing on the right types of analytics and methodologies to achieve a basic understanding of who their customers are, their propensity to buy, how to target them effectively, and how best to experiment with content, features, and offers. But despite this, companies should develop a holistic customer analytics solution framework.

Although individual customer analytics techniques answer specific business questions, they fail to deliver efficiency in generating insights at an aggregate level.

Organizations should look outside their own four walls and connect with partners who are knowledgeable in analytics technology, analytical services, and data mining to explore the next steps for customer analytics. It is not just about buying an analytics tool, it is also about employing the professional services to make sense of the data.

Galaxy Consulting has 16 years experience in the area of analytics. Contact us today for a free consultation and let's get started!

Gamification for Content and Knowledge Management

To successfully manage content and knowledge in an organization it is very important to promote a culture among the organization's employees to collaborate working on documents, share and document knowledge, comply with document control and information governance procedures.

This gets difficult when employees are disengaged from this aspect of their jobs. A recent Gallup poll found that more than 70% of all U.S. workers are either actively or passively disengaged from their work. It is a particularly problematic situation for contact centers, where employee turnover is much higher than in most other industries. It is imperative to ensure that employees are properly engaged in their job so that content and knowledge management initiatives could succeed.

One way this can be done is by using gamification which is borrowing from video games the principles of virtual challenges, contests, and quests for the purpose of racking up points, advancing to higher levels, or earning rewards. Gamification can be used as a means to get employees more passionately involved in collaboration on working with documents, to document tacit knowledge, to follow document control and information governance procedures.

People get excited with possibilities for rewards, status, achievement, and competition. Gartner predicted that by 2016, more than 40% of the top companies would be using gamification to transform their business operations.

What Can be Gamified?

Companies can use gamification to reward incremental improvements in knowledge sharing such as documenting processes they work with, in content management such using a content management system to create, update, and approve documents, in document control such as using a CMS workflow to approve documents, etc.

Employees can be recognized for improvement in content and knowledge management procedures, for increasing their knowledge of these processes through training, for properly using social media or email channels as far as company information is concerned or for driving traffic to company knowledge bases or online portals.

Anything that can be measured in content and knowledge management can also be gamified. But you have to tell your employees what you want them to do and why.

In the contact center, for example, gamification can be applied to many things, from entering information in the knowledge base to logging and handling more phone calls, chats, or email. The most basic contests can involve reducing average call handling time and increasing first-call resolutions, updating knowledge base entries.

Gamification can be used as a long-term strategy or implemented for shorter duration when managers see a need for improvements. In the long term, gamification ensures that processes and workflows do not end up getting monotonous over time.

Set Clear Improvement Goals

One of the trickiest parts of an implementation could be determining the targets to be achieved. While setting goals might appear to be a good motivator, employees will react negatively to unrealistic goals. Ideally, a target goal should stretch employees to achieve a higher level of performance, but still be based in reality, using established industry best practices. The goal must be consistent for all employees and across all customer interactions and then it must be clearly communicated to all employees.

When managers notice a slip in one area, it is a good idea to implement contests to bring that number up again. Here, managers need to determine what percentage improvement is needed to close the gap between the current level and the benchmark.

Other special contests can be held monthly, quarterly, or yearly as needed or desired. You can implement any contest quickly, and you can easily change your reward one week to the next.

However, contests can lose their motivational power over time without personalization, transparency, and immediate feedback.

You can use recognition and virtual rewards, for example you can put achievers' names on top of a leader-board as well as financial incentives such as gift cards. Other common rewards include posting an employee of the month photo on a board in the break room, online badges, titles or access to privileges like special parking spots or free lunches.

You reward people for what they are doing and make it clear what they need to do next to advance in the game.

For gamification to be an effective motivator, companies need to make all of the results public so team members can see where they stand compared to their colleagues. It also adds transparency and trust.

There are few technology solutions for gamification. Most gamification solutions offer a leader-board feature. These tools provide robust analytics and expert reports that can provide insight into what motivates employees and to which challenges they respond the best.

Freshdesk Arcade, for example, enables companies to display a leader-board of top performers in specific categories. Bunchball's Nitro solution also offers custom leader-boards that can be displayed publicly on dedicated monitors or TV screens. Or, with a single click on the user console, users can see their current point totals, how many points they need to reach the next level, and the rewards toward which they are working.

Badgeville has a platform for Behavior Platform, a suite of products that includes Game Mechanics for creating gamelike activities, Reputation Mechanics for promoting status in an online community, and Social Mechanics for using social networking techniques.

Recent product enhancements for LevelEleven's flagship gamification platform, Compete, include real-time feedback, an updated user interface, newly designed leader-boards, and real-time breaking news bursts for LeaderTV. The company also recently announced a mobile application and strategic integration with several top cloud-computing providers. Web portals with real-time dashboards cost nothing to install and operate and can be just as effective.

With most solutions now available in the cloud, the gamification applications can be very affordable, on-boarding can be accomplished more quickly, and ROI can be realized in much less time.

Products from Bunchball, Badgeville, FreshDesk, and other vendors are software-as-a-service platforms rather than individual applications. As such, they can be easily customized to fit the individual needs of each company and enable the businesses to track behavior and activities across their Web and mobile properties. This also comes in handy, since every deployment will likely have different audiences and goals.

Gamification can really help to achieve positive results in content and knowledge management initiatives. Galaxy Consulting is on the top of developments in this relatively new field.

What is Ontology?

Ontology is a formal naming and definition of the types, properties, and interrelationships of the entities that exist in a particular domain of information. Ontologies are created to limit complexity and to organize information. Ontologies are considered one of the pillars of the Semantic Web.

The term ontology has its origin in philosophy and has been applied in many different ways. The word element onto- comes from the Greek "being", "that which is". The meaning within information management is a model for describing information that consists of a set of types, properties, and relationship types. Ontologies share many structural similarities, regardless of the language in which they are expressed. Most ontologies describe individuals (instances), classes (concepts), attributes, and relations.

The most common ontology visualization techniques are indented tree and graph.

Ontology Components

Common components of ontologies include:

• Individuals: instances or objects (the basic or "ground level" objects).
• Classes: sets, collections, concepts, classes in programming, types of objects, or kinds of things.
• Attributes: aspects, properties, features, characteristics, or parameters that objects and classes can have.
• Relations: ways in which classes and individuals can be related to one another.
• Function terms: complex structures formed from certain relations that can be used in place of an individual term in a statement.
• Restrictions: formally stated descriptions of what must be true in order for some assertion to be accepted as input.
• Rules: statements in the form of an if-then (antecedent-consequent) sentence that describe the logical inferences that can be drawn from an assertion in a particular form.
• Axioms: assertions (including rules) in a logical form that together comprise the overall theory that the ontology describes in its domain of application.
• Events: the changing of attributes or relations.

Ontologies are commonly encoded using ontology languages.

Ontology Types

Domain Ontology

A domain ontology (or domain-specific ontology) represents concepts which belong to a certain term. Particular meanings of terms applied to that domain are provided by domain ontology. For example, the word "card" has many different meanings. An ontology about the domain of "poker" would model the "playing card" meaning of the word.

Since domain ontologies represent concepts in very specific and often eclectic ways, they are often incompatible. As systems that rely on domain ontologies expand, the need comes to merge domain ontologies into a more general representation. Different ontologies in the same domain arise due to different languages, different intended usage of the ontologies, and different perceptions of the domain (based on cultural background, education, ideology, etc.).

Upper Ontology

An upper ontology (or foundation ontology) is a model of the common objects that are generally applicable across a wide range of domain ontologies. It usually employs a core glossary that contains the terms and associated object descriptions as they are used in various relevant domain sets.

There are several standardized upper ontologies available for use such as Dublin Core, for example.

Hybrid Ontology

Hybrid ontology is a combination of upper and domain ontology.

Ontology Languages

Ontology languages are formal languages used to construct ontologies. They allow the encoding of knowledge about specific domains and often include reasoning rules that support the processing of that knowledge. The most commonly used ontology languages are Web Ontology Language (OWL), Resource Description Framework (RDF), RDF Schema (RDFS), Ontology Inference Layer (OIL).

Ontology Editors

Ontology editors are applications designed to assist in the creation or manipulation of ontologies. They often express ontologies in one of many ontology languages. Some provide export to other ontology languages.

Among the most relevant criteria for choosing an ontology editor are the degree to which the editor abstracts from the actual ontology representation language used for persistence and the visual navigation possibilities within the knowledge model. Also important features are built-in inference engines and information extraction facilities, and the support of meta-ontologies such as OWL-S, Dublin Core, etc. Another important feature is the ability to import & export foreign knowledge representation languages for ontology matching. Ontologies are developed for a specific purpose and application.

Ontology Learning

Ontology learning is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting a domain's terms from natural language text. As building ontologies manually is labor-intensive and time consuming process, there is a need to automate the process. Information extraction and text mining methods have been explored to automatically link ontologies to documents.

Galaxy Consulting has 16 years experience working with ontologies. Please contact us for a free consultation.

Data Security

Data security should be a priority in your organization.

For hackers, large-scale data breaches such as Home Depot, Neiman Marcus, and Staples are gold mines. For businesses, keeping valuable customer data out of the hands of cyber-thieves is a constant battle. Companies need to safeguard against every possible vulnerability across their entire infrastructure.

In 2014, the total number of reported data breaches in the United States hit a record high of 783, averaging about 15 per week, based on information compiled by the Identity Theft Resource Center (ITRC).

Companies, on average, can expect to encounter 17 malicious codes, 12 sustained probes, and 10 unauthorized access incidents each month, according to research from the Ponemon Institute, a provider of independent research on privacy, data protection, and information security policy.

Despite the growing number of attacks, many companies are still not doing nearly enough to secure their customers' personal and financial information. For many companies, the wake-up call only comes after they have fallen victim to a large-scale, high-profile breach.

Forrester Research noted that outside of banking and national defense, many industries are "woefully immature" when it comes to making the necessary investments in data breach protection, detection, and response.

This prompted Forrester to conclude that most enterprises will not be able to respond to a data breach without undermining their customers' trust or dragging their own corporate reputations through the mud.

Companies need to prevent data breaches from happening. They need to have an incident response and crisis management plan in place. Efficient response to the breach and containment of the damage has been shown to reduce the cost of breaches significantly and goes a long way toward reassuring customers who might have been thrown into a panic.

The first step toward that goal is having a high-level company executive who is responsible for data security. The key to addressing information security is first understanding what customer information is stored in company databases. Create a data inventory and determine what data is sensitive. Then segment out the sensitive and nonsensitive data.

Systematically purge the data that your organization no longer needs.

Take an inventory of all of their IT assets and business processes and analyze them for vulnerabilities that could expose sensitive data, for example, cardholder data. The next step, would be to fix those vulnerabilities. This assessment should be performed at least once a year. Make sure that the company's data security program meets industry best practices, government regulations, and the company's business objectives.

Make sure your web site uses encryption for processing customer's data. Once your company no longer needs customer data, such as payment cards or any other personal information, it should be securely deleted.

It is crucial for companies to segment data so that a breach in one file does not open other data repositories.

Companies should use Internet firewalls at all times, keep their operating systems and other business software up to date, and install and maintain antivirus and anti-spyware programs. Because many companies allow employees to use their own mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets, and laptops for business, these devices should be protected in the same way. Limit some company applications and data so that employees can't access them from unsecured mobile devices.

It is extremely important that companies limit data access to those employees who need it setting up appropriate security permissions in your data systems. You can put data logging in place, with alarms for when something happens out of the ordinary. This way you will know when someone is doing something with the data that does not coincide with their job description.

Contact centers are vulnerable to hackers. They use interactive voice response (IVR) systems for surveillance and data-gathering as a precursor to phishing schemes with agents, who are unwittingly coaxed into giving out sensitive information to unauthorized callers. In most cases, the call center agents are tricked by skilled fraudsters who use a variety of social engineering techniques to get them to break normal security procedures. The only real defense is proper training and protocols.

As many as 35% of data breaches have started with basic human error, such as sending an email with personal information to the wrong person or storing company files on laptops or tablets that were lost or stolen.

Even worse than careless employees or outside hackers, though, are the contact center agents who knowingly engage in illegal activities, using their jobs to gain access to information that they can sell or use on their own.

To help contact centers deal with this threat, call center technology can completely prevent skimming by agents. At the point in the transaction where the agent needs to collect the credit card information, systems can automatically pause recordings. With other solutions, the call can be transferred to an IVR system. Agent-assisted solutions can allow agents to collect credit card information without ever seeing or hearing it. The agent remains on the phone and customers enter their credit card information directly into the system using their phones' keypads. The standard dual-tone multi-frequency tones are converted to monotones so the agent cannot recognize them and they cannot be recorded.

In this environment, contact center managers and other employees need to be trained to spot at-risk employee behaviors. Training alone, though, is not enough. Employees need to know that there will be serious repercussions for violations of company practices and security protocols. Companies need to have a clearly defined formal policy so that employees know if they violate it, there are consequences that they will have to face.

Data security, therefore, has to be a business-wide endeavor. IT professionals, company executives, and employees at every level must work together to protect critical data assets from internal and external threats. Companies need to foster a security-aware culture in which protecting data is a normal and natural part of everyone's job.

Data security is also a constant game of what-ifs. The only certainty is that cyber-criminals will never stop learning and sharing information that will help them to get into high-profile targets. They will never stop trying to break into corporate databases. The information is just too valuable on the black market. The key is to make sure that you are not leaving the front door open for hackers to get in.

Galaxy Consulting has 16 years experience protecting organizations' data. We have done it for many companies. We can do the same for you! Contact us today for a free consultation!

Successful Self-Service Strategy

When it comes to customer service, simplicity is critical. Companies can improve customer experiences primarily by limiting the amount of effort it takes for customers to find answers to their questions and accomplish their tasks. Here lies the appeal of Web self-service, which for many consumers has become the preferred communication channel.

Instantly available, 24/7 online customer self-service portals are gaining ground over conventional agent-assisted support, marking a significant shift in consumer attitudes toward the technology. And, contrary to popular belief, interest in Web self-service technologies is not just coming from younger consumers. The technology is changing the behavior of consumers of all generations. In fact, a recent study by Forrester Research found that 72% of consumers, regardless of age, prefer self-service to picking up the phone or sending an email when it comes to resolving support issues. This certainly is welcome news for organizations looking to cut customer service costs and maximize revenue.

There are several elements to consider for successful self-service strategy.

The success of Web self-service depends on the quality and quantity of the information available and the ease with which it can be accessed. Online customers are extremely impatient and information-hungry, so the material available to customers through self-service needs to be succinct and direct, even in response to queries that are not.

The self-service option has to be easy to find on the Web site. To call more attention to the portal, organizations can prominently place a link to the self-service portal on the homepage and other common support pages that feature company, product, and services information. And, since a self-service portal is an extension of a company's Web site, it should have the same look and feel as the rest of the site.

Once on the portal, 80/20 rule applies which means that you assume that 80% of site visitors are looking for about 20% of the content, so that 20% should be easy to find.

As for the content itself, it should be clear, to the point, and easy to understand. This can be achieved by including graphic elements, such as diagrams, charts, and bullet points. When doing so, make sure the graphics are optimized for the Web. If they're not, the Web site could take too long to load, which might cause some customers to abandon it for a more costly agent-assisted channel. Consider keeping content to an eighth-grade reading level, so the average 13- or 14-year-old can make sense of it.

Ensuring accessibility also means that the site should support a variety of Internet browsers, operating systems, assistive technologies for the blind, and, of course, mobile platforms. The latter is becoming more important, especially when one considers that almost a third of all Web traffic today comes from mobile devices.

To make a self-service section even more effective, it can be combined with an automated guidance system that enables site visitors to enter questions and then takes them to specific responses without forcing them to scan an entire database for the answer they need.

One such system is marketed by WalkMe, a San Francisco start-up that enables Web site owners to enhance their online self-service options with interactive on-screen step-by-step instructions displayed as pop-up balloons. The balloons can be programmed to appear automatically when the site visitor rolls his cursor over certain items or when he clicks on a help button.

Customers who can't find answers on their own in a self-help knowledge base might be inclined to call a customer service line, but they are more likely to type their question into a Google search bar, and companies have no control over the results that the Google search returns. This presents a number of problems for a company. Not only has the visitor left your site, but he can find information that you may not want him to see.

Virtual agents are another option companies can use to help customers find what they're looking for. IntelliResponse's Virtual Agent technology simplifies its Web self-service options. The software helps site visitors to find the single right answer to their questions. To keep information current and relevant, it strips outdated FAQ entries, learns over time how to group and respond to questions, and captures data about customer service queries to find precisely what customers need so your organization can fine-tune how it presents information on its Web site.

Companies can also use Web chat to help customers through the self-service maze. It's a tool that's already widely accepted by consumers and businesses alike. LiveWebAssist chat enables agents to push prepared content such as photos, graphics, or Web link, to customers on the site with a single click.

Along with chat and virtual agents, companies can use assisted browsing, or cobrowsing, to move self-service interactions along. This functionality lets the agent—or possibly the virtual agent—temporarily take control of a customer's computer screen. Not only does this improve the self-service experience, but, when interactions move to the contact center through either phone or chat, co-browsing can reduce the average handling time.

It is important to measure response time. Perhaps the most effective measure is the number of customer questions that are submitted and get a response. This can apply to those questions where the customer finds the answer on her own as well as those that are answered through a social community or by a representative of the company. Consider these elements:

• the number of issues resolved per month through social communities. This includes the number of new questions posed to and answered by the community, the percentage of issues resolved by members of the community rather than company employees, and the number of "this article helped me" votes received.
• the number of issues resolved every month through FAQs and company knowledge bases. This includes the number of page views that both receive per month.
• the average cost to resolve issues through channels that involve a company employee. These include phone, email, and chat.

And then, as with any customer service channel, it's important to collect user feedback about the self-help experience. As with any other customer service channel, this can be done through customer surveys, Web analytics and search logs, customer interviews and focus groups, usability testing, and collaborative design processes.

For self-service to be done right, it should be in the interest of the customer. You do not want customers to use self-service because they are forced to. You want them to use it because it serves their needs.

Galaxy Consulting has 16 years experience in optimizing self-service on companies web sites. We can do the same for you. Contact us today for a free consultation!

The Power of Knowledge

Your contact center agents must be available and equipped with the knowledge they need to handle customer issues quickly and efficiently.

However, with the explosion of new channels such as Internet, social media, and mobile computing, many companies lack the tools and processes required to empower their employees to deliver great customer experience.

Organizations struggle with static, siloed knowledge systems that not only provide redundant, often inaccurate information, but are costly to maintain.

Companies that have invested in creating a Powerful State of Knowledge are delivering great customer experiences, which translate into sustainable growth and profitability.

To achieve powerful state of knowledge, companies must be able to:

1. Establish a single knowledge base. Consolidate your knowledge into one single source of truth and make it available to agents and customers across your web site, mobile, and social channels. Tie knowledge to analytics and key performance indicators (KPIs) to present valuable content and address information gaps. This new level of visibility makes it easy for agents to:

• Update knowledge
• Identify potential customer issues
• Provide fast, accurate resolution

If you become driven by market demand for enhanced self-help services and internal demand for efficient productivity improvements, you can transform your customer and employee support systems, taking your existing separate knowledge repositories and establishing one central cross-channel knowledge base. This solution will help to raise efficiency and reduce the cost-per-call of your agents, and it will also improve the quality of the customer support you provide to your customers.

2. Social media has evolved knowledge management from static data residing in a structured database to dynamic, unstructured data created in every social interaction. As a result, you must monitor customers’ social conversations on Facebook, Twitter, and other sites to analyze sentiment and prioritize and respond to service issues.

3. Not many organizations are using traditional knowledge base technology. Instead, many are attempting to embrace the chaos that Big Data, social media, and the move to the cloud create, yet they still face challenges bringing it all together to make the most out of the information.

Unified indexing and insight technology enables just that - tapping into full knowledge ecosystems and providing support agents, employees and customers with contextually relevant information. This unprecedented access to actionable insight has helped companies achieve dramatic results, such as a 30%+ reduction in case resolution time, 10%+ increase in customer self-service satisfaction and more.

The need to make the most of organizational knowledge, to get as much value from it as possible is greater now than ever before. Organizations of all sizes are finding themselves with overwhelming amounts of information, often locked away in silos--different systems, different departments, different geographies and different data types, making it impossible to connect the dots and make sense of critical business information.

Traditional KM initiatives have considered knowledge a transferable commodity that can be stored in a system of record and used mechanically. Yet, in reality, knowledge goes beyond data and information, and is personal and contextual.

Data is factual information measurements, statistics, or facts. In and of itself, data provides limited value. It must be organized into information before it can be interpreted. Information is data in context organized, categorized or condensed. Knowledge is a human capability to process information to make decisions and take action.

The building blocks of knowledge are everywhere, fragmented, complex, unstructured, and often outside the systems of record (in the cloud, in social media, etc.). The key is to bring it all together, and presenting it in context to users.

Unified indexing and insight technology is the way that forward thinking companies access knowledge and experts. The technology brings content into context--assembling fragments of structured and unstructured information on demand and presenting it, in context, to users.

Designed for the enterprise, unified indexing and insight technology is built to bring together data from heterogeneous systems (e.g. email, databases, CRM, ERP, social media, etc.), locations (cloud and on-premise), and varied data formats of business today, It securely crawls those sources, unifies the information in a central index, normalizes information and performs mash-ups on demand.

The technology can be context-aware, relying on the situation of the user to anticipate and proactively offer enriched, usable content directly related to the situation at hand such as solutions, articles, experts, etc. from across the vast and growing ecosystem.

Best Practices for a Higher Return on Knowledge

Bringing relevant content to your agents and customers will increase productivity, create happier employees and drive higher customer satisfaction. Follow these best practices to achieve a higher return on knowledge:

1. Consolidate the knowledge ecosystem. Bring together information from enterprise systems, data sources, employee and customer social networks, social media, etc. Connect overwhelming amount of enterprise and social information.

2. Connect people to knowledge in context. Connect users to the information they need, no matter where it resides, within their context and in real-time.

3. Connect people to experts in context. Connect the people associated with the contextually relevant content to assist in solving a case, answer a key challenge or provide additional insight to a particular situation.

4. Personalize information access. Present employees and customers with information and people connections that are relevant, no matter where they are, and no matter what they are working on.

Investing in the creation of a powerful state of knowledge builds a defensible advantage in delivering great customer experiences. Those experiences lead to sustainable growth and profitability by driving customer acquisition, customer retention, and operational efficiency.

Service and support agents can solve cases faster. No longer do agents need to search across multiple systems or waste time trying to find the right answer or someone who knows the answer. They will have relevant information about the customer or case at hand right at their fingertips: suggested solutions, recommended knowledge base articles, similar cases, experts who can help, virtual communication timelines, etc.

Customers can solve complex challenges on their own. Logging in to customer self-service, customers will see a personalized and relevant view of information form the entire knowledge ecosystem (from inside or outside your company) intuitively presented so that they can solve their own challenges.

Employees can stop reinventing the wheel. When every employee can access relevant information, locate experts across the enterprise, and know what does and does not exist, they can finally stop reinventing the wheel.

Galaxy Consulting has 16 years experience in this area. We have done this for few companies and we can do the same for you.